FEDERALISM

 *What is Federalism?

Federalism is a system of democratic government where the powers are divided between different levels of the government.

-One is the government for the entire country

-The Others are governments at the level of provinces or states that look after the day -to-day administering of their state.

-Both these levels of governments enjoy their power independently

-There may be third level/tier also,like in India which is called local government.

*Two Routes of Federation?

-Coming together federations

-Holding together federations

*What is Coalition Government?

-A government in which many or multiple political parties cooperate,reducing the dominance of any one party with in that coalition.The usual reason for this arrangement is that no party on its own can achieve a majority in the parliament or state legislature.

*What is Decentralisation?

-When some powers are distributed to the local government,it is called decentralisation.

*LISTS:

-Concurrent List:It includes subjects of common interest to both the union government and the state governments,such as education,forest,trade unions,marriage,adoption and succession.Both can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this list.However,in the case of conflict,laws made by the centre will be final.Example:Education,Forests,Marriages

-State List:Subjects of state and local importance such as police,trade,commerce,agriculture and irrigation are in the list.Only the state governments can make laws on the subjects given in the state List.Examples:Police,Agriculture,Trade

-Union List:Subjects of national importance such as defence of the country, foreign affairs,banking,communications and currency are in the list.The Union government alone can make laws relating to the subjects of this list.Examples:Defence,Banking,communications

*What is a linguistic state?

-A linguistic state means a state made on the basis of language spoken in that state.

For Example:Tamil Nadu,Gujarat,Punjab,Assam,Karnataka

*What are the dual objectives of federalism?

-Safeguarding and Promoting unity; and

-Maintaining regional diversity of the Country

*Explain the two kinds of routes through which federations have been formed?

COMING TOGETHER FEDERATION:

-In the first route independent states come together to form a  bigger unit,to increase their security and financial strength.

-In this,all the states usually have equal powers.

-This type of federation include countries like the USA,Switzerland and Australia

HOLDING TOGETHER FEDERATION

-Under this type of federation the whole country decides to share its power between diffrent states and the national government.

-The Central government tends to be more powerful

-Some times different units of the federation have unequal powers

-India,Spain and Belgium are exaples of this kind of federation,

*What do you mean by Residuary powers?

-The Union government has the powers to legislate on these 'Residuary' subjects.These subjects emerge with time.They were non existent during 1940's.

For Example:Cyber Law,Information,Technology,Cloning etc.